N-3-Aminoalkyl amides

ABSTRACT

N-3-Aminoalkyl propionamides with an ether substituent on the beta carbon atom are prepared by the reaction of analogous N-3oxohydrocarbon-substituted amides with an amine in the presence of a reducing agent, preferably hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst. The resulting compounds can be converted to acrylamides by pyrolysis in the presence of a strong base. The latter compounds may also be prepared by the reaction of an Alpha , Beta -unsaturated amine with an acrylonitrile in the presence of sulfuric acid. They are useful for improving dyeability of fiberforming polymers and may be polymerized to form compositions which improve paper strength and (in their quaternized form) are excellent flocculants.

United States Patent [191 Hoke Nov. 4, 1975 N-S-AMINOALKYL AMIDES [75] Inventor: Donald Irvin Hoke, Chagrin Falls, Primary f Thomas Todd Ohio Attorney, Agent, or Fzrm-JamesW. Adams, Jr.;

William H. Pittman [73] Assignee: The Lubrizol Corporation,

Cleveland, Ohio [22] Filed: Sept. 6, 1973 [57] ABSTRACT N-3-Aminoalkyl propionamides with an ether substitu- [21] Appl' 394697 ent on the beta carbon atom are prepared by the reac- R l ted US, A li ti D t tion of analogous N-3-oxohydrocarbon-substituted [60] Continuation of No 272,529, July 17, 1972 amides with an amine in the presence of a reducing abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Set. agent preferably hydrogen and a hydrogenanon cata- No. 203,853, Dec. 1, 1971, which is a division of Ser. y The resulting Compounds can be converted to No. 832,412, June 11, 1969, Pat. No. 3,666,810. rylamides by pyrolysis in the presence of a strong base. The latter compounds may also be prepared by [52] US. CL... 260/247.2 A; 260/293.86; 260/326.2 the reaction of an a,B-unsaturated amine with an acry- [51] Int. Cl. C07D 295/14 lonitrile in the presence of sulfuric acid. They are use- [58] Field of Search..... 260/247.2 A, 293.86, 326.2, ful for improving dyeability of fiber-forming polymers 260/326.47, 293.76 and may be polymerized to form compositions which improve paper strength and (in their quaternized [56] References Cited form) are excellent flocculants.

UNITED STATES PATENTS 15 Claims, N0 Drawings 2,980,657 4/1961 Melamed 26O/86.1

wherein each of R R and R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical; each of R and R is a hydrocarbon radical; R is --c=CH R is hydrogen or a lower alkyl radical; R? is a hydrocarbon radical; Y is X is a salt-forming anion; Z is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical and Z is hydrogen or an alkyl or cycloalkyl radical, or

is a heterocyclic radical; and Z is hydrogen or a lower alkyl radical.

As used herein, the term hydrocarbon radical includes alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl and alkaryl radicals.

Substantially hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals which contain substitu'ents such as ether, ester, nitro or halogen which substituents do not materially alter the character orreactivity of the radicals, are considered to be fully equivalent to the hydrocarbon radicals and to be part of this invention. The term lower alkyl radical denotes alkyl radicals containing no more than about 10 carbon atoms. l

In the preferred embodiments of the compounds of this invention, each of R is hydrogen, lower alkyl, or

C aromatic radical; each of R and R is a lower alkyl, C cycloalkyl or C aromatic radical; R is hydrogen or methyl; R is a lower alkyl or C aromatic radical; Z and Z are lower alkyl or C cycloalkyl radicals, or t is a hete'rocyclicradicalsuch as pyrrolidino, piperidino or morpholino; and X (if presentlis any typical saltforming anion such as chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, bisulfate, acetate, carbonate, bicarbonate or the like. More desirably, each of R is hydrogen or lower alkyl, each of R and R is'lowqr alkyl, R is hydrogen, R is lower alkyl, Z and Z are lower alkyl, and Z (if present) is methyl.

The following are illustrative of the compounds of this invention.

' N-( 1,1 -dimethyl-3-dimethylaminopropyl )acrylamide CH o N-( l l-dimethyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl)acrylamide Dimethyl-3-( l-acrylamido-l 1 -dimethylpropyl )ammonium chloride Trimethyl-3-( l-acrylamidol l-dimethylbutyl)ammonium iodide I H O N-( 1-methyl-1,3-diphenyl-3-diethylaminopropyl)me- -t hacrylarnide N-[ l-methyll ,3-(p-c hlorophenyl)-3-pyrrolidinopropyl acrylamide 3 N-( l 1-dimethyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl )-3-methoxypropionamide HRH N-( l ,1-dimethyl-3-methylanilinobutyl)-3-ethoxypropion amide N-( 1 ,1-dimethyl-3-piperidinopropyl)-3-phenoxy-2- methylpropionamide Trimethyl-3 l 3-metho xypropionamido 1 -methyl- 1 ,3-diphenylpropyl]ammonium iodide N-[ 1 2-dimethylaminocyclohexyl 1 -cyclohexyl 1-3- (p-nitrophenyl )propionamide Compounds of the present invention wherein R is with an amine of the formula in the presence of a reducing agent. Oxypropionamides of the above formula may be obtained by the reaction of a hydroxy compound (alcohol or phenol, preferably an alcohol) with an N-3-oxohydrocarbon-substituted acrylamide of the type disclosed in US. Pat. Nos. 3,277,056 and 3,425,942. The reaction leading to the oxypropionamide is disclosed in US. Pat. Nos. 3,454,669 and 3,647,875. The disclosures of these patents are hereby incorporated by reference in the present specification.

The reaction of the oxypropionamide with the amine is of the type generally identified as reductive amination. A typical example of such a reaction is the Leuckart reaction, in which an oxo compound is reacted with an amine in the presence of formic acid, or with an amine formate, with the result that the carbon atom formerly part of the 0x0 group is aminated and carbon dioxide and water are evolved as by-products.

A preferred method for reductive amination of the oxypropionamide involves its reaction with the amine in the presence of hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst such as platinum/platinum oxide, palladium, copper chromite or Raney nickel. Of these catalysts, platinum/platinum oxide (Adams catalyst) is preferred. (It is referred to as platinum/platinum oxide" because it is usually introduced as the oxide, but is immediately reduced to elemental platinum upon contact with hydrogen.) Typically, the oxypropionamide and the amine are mixed and a small amount of the hydrogenation catalyst is added; the mixture is then pressurized with hydrogen to at least about 50 psi. and agitated, typically at a temperature of about 25100C. and usually with periodic replenishment of the hydrogen pressure, until hydrogen uptake has ceased. The reductive amination may be effected in the presence of a suitable solvent such as an alcohol, ether or the like, but such solvent is frequently unnecessary. It has also been found that the presence of a small amount (usually about O.15.0% by weight of the reaction mixture) of an acid increases the reaction rate. Typical acids which may be used are aromatic sulfonic acids, mineral acids, perchloric acid and amine salts thereof, and the like.

The molar ratio of amine to oxypropionamide in the reaction mixture should be at least 1:1, and is generally greater (up to about 5:1 Ratios between about 1.25:1 and 3:1 are preferred.

Following completion of the reductive amination reaction, the product may be isolated and purified in the customary ways.

The following examples illustrate the preparation of oxy compounds of the present invention. All parts, percentages and proportions are by weight unless otherwise stated.

EXAMPLE 1 To a mixture of 201 parts (1 mole) of N-( 1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-3-methoxypropionamide and 91 parts (2 moles) of dimethylamine are added 0.5 part of platinum oxide and 3 parts of p-toluenesulfonic acid. The liquid mixture is poured into a hydrogenation bottle, flushed with hydrogen and pressurized with hydrogen on a Parr hydrogenation apparatus at 69 psi. and hydrogenated for about 12 hours, with hydrogen pressure being replenished to 70 psi. when it has dropped to 27 psi. The mixture is then stripped on a rotary evaporator and the residue, 21 yellow liquid, is dissolved in 16% aqueous hydrochloric acid and extracted with four 100-ml. portions of chloroform. The aqueous solution is then made alkaline by the addition of a solution of 30 parts of sodium hydroxide in 75 parts of water, the alkaline solution is again extracted with four 100-ml. portions of chloroform and the chloroform extracts are stripped and distilled. The desired product, N-(1,-1- dimethyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl)-3-methoxypropionamide, is obtained boiling at 87-95C./0.5 mm. It contains 12.1% nitrogen, as compared with 12.2% theoretical.

EXAMPLE 2 Following the procedure of Example 1, 263 parts (1 mole) of N-( l l -dimethyl-3-oxobutyl )-3-phenoxypropionamide is reacted with 95 parts (2.11 moles) of dimethylamine in the presence of 1.75 parts of 70% aqueous perchloric acid and 0.5 part of platinum oxide. The product is N-( l l -dimethyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl)-3-phenoxypropionamide.

EXAMPLE 3 The procedure of Example 2 is repeated, except that the phenoxypropionamide used therein is replaced by 216 parts (1 mole) of N-(1,l-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-3- methoxy-l-methylpropionamide. The product is N- l,1-dimethyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl)-3-methoxy-lmethylpropionamide.

EXAMPLE 4 A l-gallon autoclave, fitted with a stirrer, is charged with 1684 parts (8.38 moles) of N-(l,l-dimethyl-3- oxobutyl)-3-methoxypropionamide, 762 parts (16.9 moles) of dimethylamine, 1.5 parts of platinum oxide and parts of dimethylammonium perchlorate. The autoclave is pressurized with hydrogen to 750 psi., and stirring is begun. Hydrogen pressure is periodically restored to 850-900 psi. and stirring is continued until hydrogen uptake has ceased. Sodium bicarbonate, 10 parts, is added to the mixture which is then stripped, acidified, extracted with chloroform, made alkaline and again extracted with chloroform as in Example 1. The chloroform extract from the alkaline solution is stripped and distilled, and the product, N-( 1,1-dimethyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl)-3-methoxypropionamide, is obtained boiling at l08C./0.9 mm. The yield is 14186 parts, or 73.6% of the theoretical amount.

EXAMPLE 5 The procedure of Example 4 is repeated, except that. the methoxypropionamide used therein is replaced by 325 parts (1 mole) of N-( l ,3-diphenyl-l-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-3-methoxypropionamide. The product is N- l ,3-diphenyl-1-methyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl)-3- methoxypropionamide.

EXAMPLE 6 To a solution of 20.1 grams (0.1 mole) of N-(l,1- dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-3-methoxypropionamide and 10 grams (0.137 mole) of diethylamine in 100 ml. of methanol is added 0.25 gram of Raney nickel. The mixture is placed in a hydrogenation bottle and charged with hydrogen to 260 psi. It is then placed on a Parr hydrogenation apparatus and hydrogenated at 50C. until hydrogen uptake is complete. The product, isolated as described in Example 1, is N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-diethylaminobutyl)-3-methoxypropionamide.

EXAMPLE 7 Following the procedure of Example 4, a mixture of 201 parts (1 mole) of N-(l,l-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-3- methoxypropionamide, 170 parts (2 moles) of piperidine, 0.5 part of platinum oxide and 1 part of dimethylammonium perchlorate is hydrogenated in the Parr apparatus, starting at a pressure of psi. and recharging when the pressure has reached 39 psi. After workup as described in Example 4, the desired product, N-(1,1- dimethyl-3-piperidinobutyl)-3-methoxypropionamide, is obtained boiling at 1 12-115C./0.25 mm.

EXAMPLE 8 Following the procedure of Example 1, 20.1 grams (0.1 mole) of N-(l,1-dimethyl-3-methoxypropionamide is reacted with 10 grams (0.14 mole) of pyrrolidine in the presence of 0.3 gram of platinum oxide and ml. of methanol. When hydrogen uptake has ceased, the methanol is stripped and the product, N- 1 1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidylbutyl )-3-methoxypropionamide, is isolated as described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 9 Following the procedure of Example 1, N-( 1,1- dimethyl-3-morpholinobutyl)-3-methoxypropionamide is prepared by the reaction of 201 parts (1 mole) of N- l 1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-3-methoxypropionamide with 174 parts (2 moles) of morpholine in the presence of 0.5 part of platinum oxide and 1 part of dimethylammonium perchlorate.

EXAMPLE 10 The procedure of Example 4 is repeated, except that the dimethylamine is replaced by 1810 parts (16.9 moles) of methylaniline. The product is N-( 1,1-dimethyl-3-methylanilinobutyl )-3-methoxypropionamide.

The compounds of this invention wherein R is (hereinafter sometimes referred to as acrylamido compounds) may be obtained from the oxy compounds described above by elimination of R Ol-l by any of several methods which are known per se. Typical methods are described briefly in a recent review: P. F. Butskus et al., Russian Chemical Reviews, 35, 39 (1966). The preferred method is pyrolysis in the presence of a basic reagent, ordinarily a strong base such as solid sodium hydroxide, at about 70l50C. This reaction is conveniently carried out at reduced pressure.

Another method for preparation of acrylamido compounds of this invention is by the reaction of a nitrile of the formula with an a, B-unsaturated amine of the formula in the presence of sulfuric acid. Unsaturated amines of this type may be prepared by the reaction of a compound of the formula with a 1,3-diene, usually in the presence of a strongly alkaline catalyst such as metallic sodium. This is a typical 1,4-addition reaction, known in the art.

For the reaction of the unsaturated amine with the nitrile, it is usually preferred to use at least about 1.5 moles, typically about 1.9 -3.0 moles, of the nitrile per mole of unsaturated amine. The sulfuric acid should be at least about 90%, and preferably 96-98%, in strength and the molar ratio of sulfuric acid to amine should be at least about 1:1, and preferably between about 1.111 and 2:1. Solvents are usually unnecessary, but it may be advantageous to add a small amount of a polymerization inhibitor such as hydroquinone, a hindered phenol or the like. When the reaction is complete, the product may be isolated by diluting and neutralizing the mixture and separating the unsaturated amide by traditional techniques.

The preparation of acrylamido compounds of this invention is illustrated by the following examples.

EXAMPLE 1 l A mixture of 144.7 parts (0.63 mole) of N-( 1,1- dimethyl-3-dimethylamino butyl )-3-methoxypropionamide, 1 part of solid sodium hydroxide and 1 part of hydroquinone is charged to a reaction flask fitted with a condenser with a Dry Ice-cooled receiver, a stirrer and temperature control means. The pressure in the flask is reduced to less than 5 mm. and the flask is heated to 80C. Vigorous reaction begins and liquid condenses in the receiver. After about one-half hour, the temperature is increased to 90C. and this temperature is maintained for 3 hours. The product is distilled and the desired N-( l l-dimethyl-3 -dimethylaminobutyl )acrylamide is obtained at 8091C./0.3 -0.4 mm. The yield is 109.1 parts, or 87.4% of the theoretical amount, and the nitrogen percentage is the calculated 14.1%.

EXAMPLES 12-14 The procedure of Example 11 is repeated starting with, respectively, N-( 1,3-diphenyl-1-methyl-3-dimethylaminopropyl )-3-methoxypropionamide, N-( 1 l dimethyl-3-piperidinobutyl)-3-methoxypropionamide, and N-( 1,1-dimethyl-3-methylanilinobutyl)-3-methoxypropionamide. The corresponding acrylamides are obtained.

EXAMPLE 15 To a mixture of 273 parts (4 moles) of isoprene and 2 parts (0.087 mole) of sodium metal, at 0C., is added parts (4 moles) of dimethylamine over 1 hour. The temperature is maintained below 12C. by cooling with a Dry lce-isopropanol-filled cooling coil. After the dimethylamine addition is complete, the mixture is stirred and cooled for an additional 3 /2 hours. Methanol, 6 parts, is then added to decompose the sodium and the mixture is distilled. The fraction boiling at l 17.51 C. is the desired 1-dimethylamino-3- methyl-2-butene.

A resin flask is cooled to 0C. and 450 grams (8.5 moles) of acrylonitrile, 1020 grams (10 moles) of sulfuric acid and 37 grams of water are added. To this mixture are then added 475 grams (4.2 moles) of the 1- dimethylamino-3-methyl-2-butene prepared as described above, and 8.5 grams of 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol. The mixture is stirred at 68C. for about 1 hour and is then neutralized with about 30% sodium hydroxide. The organic layer is separated, diluted with 2050 m1. of methanol and neutralized with ammonia. An additional 1000 ml. of methanol is added and the solution is filtered. The methanol is stripped from the filtrate and.

the residue is distilled. There is obtained 400 grams (64.5% of the theoretical amount) of the desired N- 1 ,1 -dimethyl-3-dimethylaminopropy1)acrylamide boiling at 7592C./0.250.9 mm. The nitrogen analysis is 15.4%, as compared with a theoretical value of 15.2%.

The amino compounds prepared as described above may be converted into amine salts by reaction with a suitable acid, or into quaternary ammonium salts by reaction with an alkyl halide, sulfate or the like. This is illustrated in the following examples.

EXAMPLE l6 Methyl iodide, 2.8 grams (0.0197 mole), is added to a solution of 3.6 grams (0.0182 mole) of N-(l,ldimethyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl)acrylamide in 10 ml. of benzene. An exothermic reaction takes place and the temperature of the mixture is held at 2530C. by external cooling. Upon stirring overnight, a gummy solid precipitates; this solid is separated and recrystalized from a mixture of methanol and benzene. There is obtained 4.7 grams of the desired trimethyl-3-(1- acrylamido- 1 1 -dimethylbutyl)ammonium iodide.

EXAMPLE 17 Hydrogen chloride is bubbled through a solution of 5 grams of N-( 1,1-dimethyl-3-dimethylaminopropyl)acrylamide in benzene. The desired dimethyl-3-(1- acrylamido- 1 1 -dimethylpropyl )ammonium chloride precipitates and is separated by filtration.

The oxy compounds of this invention are useful primarily as chemical intermediates for the preparation of acrylamido compounds, as described hereinabove.

The acrylamido compounds of this invention are readily polymerized, either alone or with other monomers. The term polymer, as used herein, includes homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers and other interpolymers.

The free-radical method is generally the most convenient one for polymerization of the compounds of this invention. Polymerization by this method may be effected in bulk, solution, suspension or emulsion, by

contacting the monomer or monomers with a polymeri- 9 zation initiator either in the absence or presence of a diluent at a temperature of about O200C. Suitable freeradical initiators include benzoyl peroxide, tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, acetyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, azobisisobutyronitrile, sodium persulfate, ammonium persulfate-sodium metabisulfite, chlorate-sulfite and the like. Solution polymerization may be effected in an organic solvent such as benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, n-hexane, naphtha, tetrahydrofuran, mineral oil or the like; emulsion and suspension polymerization are conveniently effected in water or a mixture of water with a hydroxylated organic solvent.

Free-radical polymerization of the monomers of this invention may also be effected by photoinitiation techniques using ultraviolet, visible .or infrared radiation. For these methods, the presence of suitable initiators and sensitizers, which are known in the art, is required.

Suitable emulsifiers for use in the preparation of emulsion polymers of this invention include cationic materials such as stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; non-ionic materials such as alkyl aryl polyether alcohols and sorbitan mono-oleate; anionic materials such as sodium decylbenzene sulfonate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, sodium salts of alkyl aryl polyether sulfates, and sodium lauryl sulfate; alkali metal salts of lignosulfonic acids, silicic acids and the like; and colloidal materials such as casein, sodium polyacrylate, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, gum tragacanth, sodium alginate, gelatin, methylcellulose, gum arabic, dextrins or polyvinyl alcohol.

A large variety of monomers can be used to form interpolymers with the compounds of this invention. For the most part, these monomers are polymerizable vinyl compounds. They include (1) esters of unsaturated alcohols, (2) esters of unsaturated acids, (3) esters of unsaturated polyhydric alcohols (e.g., butenediol), (4) vinyl cyclic compounds, (5) unsaturated ethers, (6) unsaturated ketones, (7) unsaturated amides, (8) unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, (9) vinyl halides, (10) unsaturated acids, (11) unsaturated acid anhydrides, (12) unsaturated acid chlorides, and (13) unsaturated nitriles. Specific illustrations of such compounds are:

l. Esters of unsaturated alcohols: Allyl, methallyl, crotyl, l-chloroallyl, 2-chloroallyl, cinnamyl, vinyl, methylvinyl, l-phenallyl, butenyl esters of (a) saturated acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, caproic and stearic; (b) unsaturated acids such as acrylic, alpha-substituted acrylic (including alkylacrylic, e.g., methacrylic, ethylacrylic, propylacrylic, etc., and arylacrylic such as phenylacrylic), crotonic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic; (c) polybasic acids such as oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic and sebacic; (d) unsaturated polybasic acids such as maleic, fumaric, citraconic, mesaconic, itaconic, methylenemalonic, acetylenedicarboxylic and aconitic; (e) aromatic acids, e. g., benzoic, phenylacetic, phthalic, terephthalic and benzoylphthalic acids.

2. Esters of saturated alcohols, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec'butyl, tert-butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, cyclohexyl or behenyl alcohols, with unsaturated aliphatic monobasic and polybasic acids, examples of which are illustrated above.

3. Esters of unsaturated polyhydric alcohols, e.g., butenediol, with saturated and unsaturated aliphatic and aromatic, monobasic and polybasic acids, illustrative examples of which appear above.-

4. Vinyl cyclic compounds including (a) monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., allylbenzene, styrene, 0-,

m-, p-chlorostyrenes, -bromostyrenes, -fluorostyrenes, -methylstyrenes, -ethylstyrenes., -cyanostyrenes; di-, tri-, and tetra-, etc., -chlorostyrer1es, -bromostyrenes, -fluorostyrenes, -methylstyrenes, -ethylstyrenes, -cyanostyrenes; vinylnaphthalene, vinylcyclohexane; (b) corresponding polyvinyl compounds such as divinylbenzene and trivinylbenzene; and (0) vinyl heterocycles such as vinylfuran, vinylpyridine, vinylbenzofuran, N-vinylcarbazole, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylthiopyrrolidone and N-vinyloxazolidone.

5. Unsaturated ethers such as methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, cyclohexyl vinyl ether, octyl vinyl ether, diallyl ether, ethyl methallyl ether and allyl ethyl ether.

6. Unsaturated ketones, e.g., methyl vinyl ketone and ethyl vinyl ketone.

'7. Unsaturated amides, such as acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N-phenylacrylamide, N-allylacrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, N-allylcaprolactam, diacetone acrylamide and N-( l ,l-dimethyl- 3-hydroxybutyl)acrylamide.

8. Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, for instance, ethylene, propylene, butenes, butadiene, isoprene, 2- chlorobutadiene and alpha-olefins in general.

9. Vinyl halides, e.g., vinyl fluoride, vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, vinylidene chloride, vinylidene bromide, allyl chloride and allyl bromide.

10. Unsaturated acids (for example, acrylic, methacrylic, propylacrylic), example of which appear above.

11. Unsaturated acid anhydrides, e.g., maleic, citraconic, itaconic, cis-4-cyclohexenel ,Z-dicarboxylic and bicyclo(2,2,l )-5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydrides.

l2. Unsaturated acid halides such as cinnamoyl, acrylyl, methacrylyl, crotonyl, oleyl and fumaryl chlorides or bromides.

l3. Unsaturated nitriles, e.g., acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile and other substituted acrylonitriles.

The preferred comonomers are vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, illustrated by vinyl acetate; alkyl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids, illustrated by ethyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate; unsaturated nitriles such as acrylonitrile; and unsaturated amides such as acrylamide, N-methylacrylamide and methacrylamide.

The relative proportions of the compounds of this invention and the comonomers to be used in interpoly merization depend upon the reactivity of these monomers as well as the properties desired for the interpolymers being formed. To illustrate, interpolymers in which rigidity is desired are obtained by polymerization of a mixture of monomers having a few substitutions or substitutions of relatively short chain length. If a still higher degree of rigidity is desired, a monomer mixture may be used in which a small amount of a bifunctional monomer is included such as divinylbenzene which will crosslink the polymer.

The polymers of this invention can also be prepared from polymers of N-3-oxohydrocarbon-substituted acrylamides such as N-( l ,l-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)acrylamide (diacetone acrylamide) by reductive amination, using techniques and conditions similar to those described herein for the preparation of oxy compounds of this invention.

Polymers of this invention wherein Y is an amino group can be converted to salts, including quaternary ammonium salts, by the same methods described herein for monomers; or polymeric salts may be obl 1 tained from monomeric salts by ordinary polymerization means.

The preparation of polymers of this invention is illustrated by the following examples.

EXAMPLE l8 A solution of 10 parts of N-(l,l-dimethyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl)acrylamide in 40 parts of benzene is flushed with nitrogen for 10 minutes, and 0.05 part of benzoyl peroxide is added. The solution is heated at 6065C. for 16 hours, after which an additional 0.05 part of benzoyl peroxide is added. Heating is continued for 16 hours, after which the benzene is removed by evaporation, leaving a viscous oil. This oil is dissolved in methanol and the solution is poured into water. The desired homopolymer of N-( 1,1-dimethy1-3-dimethylaminobutyl)acrylamide precipitates and is air dried.

EXAMPLE 19 Four grams (0.202 mole, based on monomer) of the polymer of Example 18 is dissolved in ml. of methanol and 2.85 grams (0.202 mole) of methyl iodide is added. The solution is heated at 5060 C. for l /2 hours, during which time a white precipitate forms. The liquid is removed by decantation and the precipitate, which is the desired poly-[trimethyl-3-( lacrylamido 1 ,1-dimethylbutyl)ammonium iodide], is washed with acetone and air dried.

EXAMPLE 20 A mixture of 20 parts of N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl)acrylamide, 80 parts of water and 0.1 part of sodium lauryl sulfate is purged with nitrogen for one-half hour, and then a solution of 0.1 part of ammonium persulfate in one part of water is added. The solution is stirred as polymerization takes place. The mixture is allowed to stand overnight and is then filtered. The desired suspension homopolymer is air dried.

EXAMPLE 21 EXAMPLE 2 The procedure of Example 18 is repeated, except that the monomer is replaced on an equal weight basis with N-( 1 ,3-dipheny1- l -methyl-3-dimethylaminopropyl)acrylamide. A similar homopolymer is obtained.

EXAMPLE 23 The procedure of Example 18 is repeated, except that the monomer is replaced on an equal weight basis by N-( 1 l-dimethyl-3-methylanilinobutyl )acrylamide. A similar homopolymer is obtained.

EXAMPLE 24 To a solution of one part of N-( 1,1-dimethyl-3-dimethylaminobuty1)acrylamide in 5 parts of water is added 0.1 part of methylene blue and a solution of 0.2 part of triethanolarriine in 10 parts of water. The solution is exposed to an infrared heat lamp, and polymerization begins after about 3 seconds as evidenced by the dissipation of blue color in the solution and the formation of a hazy precipitate.

EXAMPLES 25-27 EXAMPLE 28 Dimethyl sulfate, 2.03 parts, is added to a solution of 2.97 parts of N-( l,1-dimethyl-3-dimethylaminopropyl- )acrylamide in 225 parts of water, with stirring. An exothermic reaction takes place over about one-half hour. Acrylamide, 15 parts, is then added and the solution is purged with nitrogen, after which time about 0.5 gram of ammonium persulfate is added. Polymerization takes place over 4 hours, and after this time 200 parts of water is addedand stirring is continued. A homogenous mixture is obtained which is diluted with water to a 1% solution of the desired quatemized copolymer.

EXAMPLE 29 A mixture of 40 parts of vinyl acetate, 10 parts of N- 1 1-dimethyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl)acrylamide, 0.5 part of sodium lauryl sulfate and 450 parts of distilled water is flushed with nitrogen, and a solution of 0.25 part of ammonium persulfate in 1 part of water is added. The mixture is heated to 55C., with stirring, and is held at this temperature for 1 hour. The product is an emulsion of the desired copolymer.

EXAMPLE 30 Following the procedureof Examples 25-27, a copolymer is prepared from 30 parts of ethyl acrylate, 20 parts of N-( 1 ,1-dimethyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl)acrylamide, 450 parts of water, 0.5 part of sodium lauryl sulfate and a solution of 0.25 part of ammonium persulfate in 1 part of water. The polymer which is obtained by coagulation is filtered and dried in a vacuum oven.

Incorporation of the acrylamido compounds of this invention in acrylonitrile polymers improves their dyeability. This is shown by a test in which films of the copolymers of Examples 25-27 are compared with a polyacrylonitrile film in reaction to Orange ll dye. The films are suspended of 1 /2 hours in a 0.05% aqueous solution of Orange 11 at 98C., washed with distilled water and dried. Following this procedure, the polyacrylonitrile film is uncolored while the color in the films of Examples 25-27 increases in proportion to the amount of N-( 1 ,1-dimethyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl)acrylamide incorporated therein.

The dyeability of polypropylene is also improved by treatment with the polymers of this invention. This is shown by a test in which 2.5 grams, 5.0 grams and 7.5 grams, respectively, of an N-( l,l-dimethyl-3-dimethylaminobutyl)acrylamide homopolymer similar to that of Example 20 are added to SO-gram samples of polypropylene. Sufficient methanol is added to cover the polypropylene and the mixtures are shaken for 1 minute and allowed to stand in closed bottles for 40 minutes. The bottles are then opened and the methanol is removed by evaporation at room temperature and finally in a vacuum oven at 4850C. Films of the re sulting modified polypropylene samples are suspended in the Orange 11 dye solution described above at 6090C. for 2 A hours. The strips are then removed, rinsed with distilled water and dried. Each of the strips is noticeably colored by the dye.

The polymers of this invention are useful to improve both dry strength and wet strength of paper. Their utility as dry strength improvers is shovwi by a test in which strips of filter paper are saturated with a solution in methanol of the polymer of Example 20 and dried by suspension for 2 hours at room temperature. The average tensile strength of the treated strips, as measured on an Instron tester using a crosshead speed of 0.2 inch per minute at a temperature of 72F., was 21.6 pounds per inch width, as compared with 13.8 pounds per inch width for untreated specimens.

Quaternized polymers of this invention are useful as flocculants for precipitation of many substances from water. The effectiveness of these polymers as flocculants for the precipitation of kaolin is shown by a test in which one part of kaolin is suspended in 100 parts of water and about 0.1 part of a 20% aqueous solution of the polymer of Example 19 is added. The suspension is shaken for about one-half minute and allowed to stand. A flocculent precipitate forms immediately. By contrast, the kaolin in a control sample which is not treated with homopolymer of Example 19 remains suspended.

The effectiveness of the quaternized polymers of this invention as flocculants for raw sewage is shown by a test in which 600 ml. of sewage is placed in a beaker and an aqueous solution of the quaternized polymer is added, "1th rapid stirring. The rapid stirring is continued for 3 minutes, followed by 12 minutes of slow stirring and minutes of settling. A 50-ml. aliquot is then removed from the top half inch of the mixture and its turbidity is measured on a Bryce-Phoenix light scattering photometer. The results are shown in the following table.

Flocculant Concentration, ppm. Turbidity Homopolymer of Ex. 21 l 2.57 2 2.03 4 0.931 8 0.400 10 0.152 12 0.1 12 13 0.090 Copolymer of Ex. 28 l 1.39

The monomers of this invention, by virtue of their susceptibility to photoinitiated polymerization, are use ful in photoengraving and photographic techniques. They may also be copolymerized with crosslinking agents such as divinylbenzene, in the presence of suspending agents such as bentonite, to form cationic ion exchange resins.

What is claimed is:

5 1. A compound of the formula or CHCH OR;

R is hydrogen or a lower alkyl radical; R is a lower alkyl radical; Y is X is a salt-forming anion;

is the piperidino, pyrrolidino or morpholino radical; and Z is hydrogen or a lower alkyl radical.

2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R is incmom and R is hydrogen or methyl.

3. A compound according to claim 2 wherein Y is 4. A compound according to claim 3 wherein R is hydrogen.

5. A compound according to claim 4 wherein R is hydrogen or methyl; R and R' are hydrogen; and R, R and R are methyl.

6. A compound according to claim 2 wherein Y is 12. A compound according to claim 11 wherein R is hydro en or methyl;'R and R" are hydrogen; and R l and R' are methyl.

13. A compound according to claim 9 wherein Y is 5 and R is hydrogen or methyl. 6% e N-z=x 10. A compound according to claim 9 wherein Y is 21 1O 14. A compound according to claim 13 wherein R is hydrogen and Z is methyl.

15. A compound acco rding to claim 14 wherein R i:

' hd thl;R dR hd dR 11. A compound according to claim wherein R is g fi g i g i fl an are y rogen an hydrogen. 1 5 

1. A COMPOUND OF THE FORMULA
 2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R6 is
 3. A compound according to claim 2 wherein Y is
 4. A compound according to claim 3 wherein R7 is hydrogen.
 5. A compound according to claim 4 wherein R1 is hydrogen or methyl; R2 and R3 are hydrogen; and R4, R5 and R8 are methyl.
 6. A compound according to claim 2 wherein Y is
 7. A compound according to claim 6 wherein R7 is hydrogen and Z3 is methyl.
 8. A compound according to claim 7 wherein R1 is hydrogen or methyl; R2 and R3 are hydrogen; and R4, R5 aNd R8 are methyl.
 9. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R6 is
 10. A compound according to claim 9 wherein Y is
 11. A compound according to claim 10 wherein R7 is hydrogen.
 12. A compound according to claim 11 wherein R1 is hydrogen or methyl; R2 and R3 are hydrogen; and R4 and R5 are methyl.
 13. A compound according to claim 9 wherein Y is
 14. A compound according to claim 13 wherein R7 is hydrogen and Z3 is methyl.
 15. A compound according to claim 14 wherein R1 is hydrogen or methyl; R2 and R3 are hydrogen; and R4 and R5 are methyl. 